Regulators and doctors are hoping they can limit the pill, called Qnexa, to only those patients that need it most, helping fight the nation's obesity epidemic while avoiding exposing people to unnecessary risks of birth defects and heart problems.

The Food and Drug Administration has been under considerable pressure from lawmakers and patient groups to approve a new obesity drug for the first time in 13 years.

There is also plenty of history with diet drugs that makes the FDA cautious.

The infamous diet drug "fen-phen" was pulled from the market in 1997 after reports of sometimes fatal heart-valve problems. Another diet pill, Meridia, was removed in 2010 after it was linked to heart problems.

"How will these medications be limited in their distribution... so we don't have a repeat of the fen-phen days when people were opening up clinics on every corner, selling these pills for cosmetic purposes?" asked Joseph Nadglowski, chief executive officer of the Obesity Action Coalition, a patient and advocacy group.

As a condition for approval of Qnexa, the FDA and the drugmaker Vivus proposed a restrictive program to stop pregnant women from taking the drug, to provide training to doctors and to limit distribution to certified mail-order pharmacies.

Also, the drug will likely only be recommended for obese patients who have a body mass index over 30, or are overweight but have weight-related health issues. A normal BMI is below 25.

It was these restrictions that ultimately convinced 20 out of 22 outside advisers to the FDA to recommend approval of the drug last week, after an expert panel rejected the drug in 2010.

The FDA is set to make its final decision by mid-April.

However, regulators have little power to force doctors to stick to this restrictive program because physicians have latitude to prescribe FDA-approved drugs for other uses, known as "off label."

In addition, the two drugs in Qnexa are already approved for other conditions, raising the possibility some doctors may already be prescribing them for weight loss.

The FDA acknowledged that it is difficult to craft a restrictive program that sticks. "We struggled with this internally, but we did not find a perfect solution to this problem," Joyce Weaver, senior analyst in the FDA's division of risk management, told the advisers last week.

RISK VS. BENEFIT

There has been a clamor from patient groups, doctors and lawmakers for the FDA to provide more weight-loss options.

Obesity drugs are seen as the middle ground for patients who struggle with strict diet and exercise regimens, but do not want the risks of bariatric surgery.

A Senate appropriations committee has directed the FDA to provide a report by the end of March on how it plans to support the development of new obesity treatments.

Obesity, a leading cause of diabetes, heart disease and other serious health problems, has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, with nearly 68 percent of the U.S. population considered overweight, and a third obese.

Analysts predict that Qnexa, if approved, will be prescribed widely, with annual sales of $1 billion to $3 billion.

It combines the appetite suppressant phentermine with the anti-seizure drug topiramate, and helped patients lose 10 percent of their weight after a year during trials. However, the pounds started to creep back on after the first 12 months.

FDA staff reviewers said patients taking the drug had more safety problems, including memory loss and higher heart rates, than those on a placebo. They also said exposure to topiramate has been linked to a higher rate of oral clefts in infants of women taking the drug during pregnancy.

Experts worry subtle messages of risk versus benefit may slip past people desperate to shed pounds, and there is little the FDA can do to stop them.

"Perhaps the only thing that would be better than a pill to help you lose weight would be a pill that makes you more beautiful," said Dr. David Gortler, a former FDA medical officer on the obesity team and current professor of pharmacology at Georgetown Medical School. "In fact, many fashion advertisers promote and equate beauty with the loss of weight.

"There is going to be a huge demand for Qnexa... (and) if the FDA doesn't regulate Qnexa appropriately there are going to be a deluge of lawsuits," said Gortler.

SLIPPING THROUGH THE CRACKS

The FDA often proposes risk mitigation programs to deal with drugs that may cause birth defects. One of the most restrictive is for the acne drug Accutane from Roche, which is known to cause severe birth defects.

Women who want the drug must take tests every month to prove they are not pregnant. But there is a lack of good information about how effective these programs are.

Dr. John Jenkins, head of the FDA's office of new drugs, said such programs are pretty good at avoiding women who are pregnant at the time of first receiving the drug.

"They are not as good at preventing women from receiving it who are pregnant while they are already on the drug," Jenkins told the panel last week. "While we think the number of pregnancies is less, we don't have definitive data."

Qnexa has some uncertain effects on the heart: it lowers blood pressure, but raises heartbeat. Doctors on the FDA panel were divided about what signal that sends, and asked Vivus to conduct more studies on heart safety, most likely after Qnexa is approved.

"This drug, if approved, would likely be prescribed to millions or tens of millions of people," said Dr. Michael Lauer, director of the division of cardiovascular sciences at the National Institutes of Health.

Lauer was one of two people who voted against Qnexa's approval at the FDA panel last week. "Based on the data that we've seen, we think this drug may do enormous good," he said during the panel meeting. "But we may not know that for a long time, or we may find out we've been fooled."

MORE CONTROL WITH APPROVAL

The FDA has set a high approval bar for obesity drugs in the past, primarily because of worries that a large portion of the population is likely to take them.

Qnexa has had the most impressive weight loss out of a trio of pills vying for approval, from Vivus, Arena Pharmaceuticals and Orexigen.

The drug from Orexigen has also been flagged for heart risks, while FDA reviewers have cautioned about cancer risks associated with the pill from Arena.

Qnexa is unique among the three because its ingredients are already on the market.

"These are two medications that are already on the market, and there are hundreds of thousands if not millions of patient care experience with both of these medications. Doctors can combine them, and many of them are," said Dr. Robert Kushner, clinical director of the Northwestern Comprehensive Center on Obesity.

"I think you can better monitor the usage and protect patients if it's approved than if it's not approved."

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