Russian space agency Roscosmos will sign a deal on Thursday with the European Space Agency (ESA), to become a full-fledged partner in the ExoMars project, which is a new attempt to discover if there is life on the Red Planet.

The mission will drill 30 times deeper beneath the surface of Mars than the currently operating Curiosity rover.

Russia will supply the mission with two Proton-M rocket carriers, and facilitate launches from the Baikonur site in Kazakhstan. Russian scientists are also engaged in creating scientific instruments for the mission, including a landing platform for the rover. 

ExoMars model at ILA 2006 (Berlin)

The first stage of the mission will involve sending a Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) to Mars in 2016 to analyze gas in the planet’s atmosphere; scientists are hoping to find regions rich in methane, which could signal the existence of life on Mars, though it may also be produced by geochemical activity. 

The Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM) will also be sent to Mars in 2016. EDM is a device with no other purpose except testing the landing process, as ESA has never sent a rover to Mars.

The second stage of the ExoMars mission involves landing a rover on the planet’s surface in 2018: “It is lighter than Curiosity, but very interesting. The rover is made by ESA and contains a drilling device, able to go two meters deep into the Martian ground,” said Lev Zelyony, director of the Institute of Space Research of the Russian Science Academy, according to Voice of Russia. 

A 1:4 model of the ExoMars rover at the ESA pavilion, 2007 International Paris Air Show at the Le Bourget airport

In February, Curiosity drilled a hole about 7 centimeters deep in the Martian surface.

The US had initially planned to be Europe’s partner in the ExoMars mission. However, NASA withdrew from the project in 2011 after failing to secure enough funding.

The EU has already spent more than 400 million euro on ExoMars.

Russia was initially asked to provide the rocket carriers, but Moscow said it would only participate in the project as equal partner; the two parties have been negotiating the deal since 2011. Russian scientists quickly secured some of the funding from Roscosmos, and have already begun work on research devices for TGO. The Thursday agreement was required for Russia to provide further financing for the project.

Mars exploration has long been high on Russian space researchers’ agenda.

In 2010 and 2011, Russia carried out the Mars-500 experiment: A group of six volunteers were locked inside a simulated spacecraft at the Institute of Biomedical Problems in Moscow for 520 days – the time it would take to go to Mars and back.

The Institute of Space Research also plans to restart the failed Phobos-Grunt mission in the next 10 years. It was initially launched in 2011, and was supposed to travel to a Martian moon and bring back soil samples, but the spacecraft ended up crashing back to Earth.

In 15 years, Russian scientists plan to undertake a ‘Mars Sample Return’ project, delivering Martian soil samples back to Earth.

• A Permanent Economic Emergency